which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 29. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. What is learning? Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. 2.3.3.4. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. d. cognitive-behavioral. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. b. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. 92. b. self-actualizing. b. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. 39. 65. Simply: Figure 2.1. 18. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 151. There are two main ways they can present themselves. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. 112. d. cognition-focused. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Thats all right. b. map, or sequence, genes. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. 53. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." 30. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. c. gestalt Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. c. resistance. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. 50. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. b. resistance. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. The humanistic perspective. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. It is difficult to research this perspective. 2.2.3.2. b. existential. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. c. ego. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. 122. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). I know my grandmother used to. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? How so? The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. b. axons. Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. a. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. Choose one answer. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. 90. a. Neurotransmitters are released. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. 40. d. fear. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. 2.2.2.1. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. 41. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. 3. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. a. humanistic therapy. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. What is it? In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. b. operant conditioning. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? 55. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. Conditioning. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. They are sexual in nature. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). That is the idea, at least. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. 28. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? c. Beck. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). d. brain circuits. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Hmm. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. 152. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. c. depression. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. 162. What is that factor? Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. 2.3.4.1. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. 159. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. c. insert RNA into genes. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? 19. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Maladaptive cognitions. d. classical conditioning. Module Overview. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. a. cognitive-behavioral Over time I learned that attention was good. 80. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? b. behavior-focused therapists. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). 25. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. d. existential. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? b. ego. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. c. rationalization. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. 111. d. projection. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. This is called the. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression.