2016 M. Mrquez It sure took me back, not only to these episodes with Mike the Bike and the Springbok Series etc but also to the brief overlap we had with Racecourse Motors, Yamaha & Killarney. Mike recognised the estate and we flashed lights at each other. 1968 G. Agostini 1991 L. Cadalora Just two years later, Mike was gone, killed in a road accident with his daughter Michelle. As Stirling had problems with them we couldnt do a deal and he wished me well. 1981 A. Mang A 100mph crash brought his car career to an end at the Nurburgring circuit in 1974. . My reckoning is the bikes were a lot harder to ride in those days, in my opinion. I had just signed with the BSA factory to ride a Rob North-framed, three-cylinder 750 that season in the AMA roadrace Nationals along with Dick Mann, David Aldana and Jim Rice. Both claimed that they survived because they werent wearing their seat belts and were able to duck. I first met Mike Hailwood at Daytona in 1971. The first five finishers were covered by only 0.61 seconds, and Hailwood was fourth, 0.18s behind the winner Peter Gethin. The collision killed Michelle instantly and Mike Hailwood passed away two days later, but his son, David, survived. Mike Hawthorn wins Rheims Grand Prix in France. Mike Hailwood's Crashed Iso Grifo Fortunately the poor animal was killed instantly. Andre Loubser worked in the export/sales department of the Porsche factory in Stuttgart from 1962 to 1964 and was closely involved with the Porsche 904 racing sports car project. Initially, Hailwood was to focus on Formula 5000 for Surtees, and he eventually racked up four wins and finished second in the 71 championship to Frank Gardner driving a works Lola. They drove to Cape Town from Johannesburg, a distance of about 900 miles, for the Cape Three Hours held on November 22, with the car retiring again with mechanical problems. Continue. 1981 A. Mang 1983 F. Spencer From the beginning of 1964 I monitored the build of the 904 on a daily basis until I delivered it to Ed and Piet in February 1964. He told me that his three mechanics were South Africans, brothers Ed and Bud Rossler and Piet van Asperen. Nicknamed Mike the Bike for his unrivaled ability to win on all sizes of motorcycles, Hailwood even won three races in a single Grand Prix. Mike did the first stint and was practically last away at the Le Man's start because of his injured ankle and having to kick-start the Ducati. After signing Hailwood for 71, Surtees knew as a fellow ex-biker precisely how to interpret what Hailwood was telling him, and what questions to ask. Rheims Grand Prix. For a time Hailwood swapped two wheels for four. His return was a well fabled success. 1994 M. Biaggi He also has written books about motor car racing, including South African Motor Racing The Early Years, The Mike Hailwood Iso Grifo as auctioned by Coys in 2011 (photo by Coys). 2017 M. Mrquez I spent Christmas of that year in Hendon with an English colleague and took the opportunity to meet up with Stirling to finalise the deal. 1989 S. Pons, 1990 J. Kocinski Derek, I actually met Bud Rossler in 1962 when he worked with my father, Doug Batteson, at Phoenix Colliery near Witbank in South Africa. One Saturday in March 1981, driving his Rover 3500 with six-year-old son David and nine-year-old daughter Michelle on their way home from picking up a fish-'n'-chip supper, Hailwood . [45][46][47], On 3 June 1978, after an 11-year hiatus from mainstream motorcycling, Hailwood made a comeback at the Isle of Man TT in the Formula I race, a World Championship class based on large-capacity road machines first introduced for 1977. There was an experimental animal farm on the left and it transpired that some half-wit had left the gate open. But there was an itch he couldnt scratch, and in 77 he started racing bikes once more Down Under, and in 78 entered the Isle of Man TT races and won the Formula 1 class in dominant fashion on a Ducati. A bad week or the dark horse from F1 testing? 1972 J. Saarinen [59] The starting point was the former Norton factory in Aston, Birmingham, then on to Portway, where the accident occurred, followed by a service at the church in Tanworth-in-Arden. 1968 P. Read Mike Hailwood is motorcycling royalty. Only recently did I hear that Coys had auctioned the restored car in 2011. 1969 G. Agostini, 1970 G. Agostini . He left the house to take a call and returned with the shattering news that Michelle, aged nine, had been killed. We, Yahoo, are part of the Yahoo family of brands. His speed was a record for the track. In 1972 Mike Hailwood had secured a fourth place at Monza . 1961 G. Hocking With just 152 starts, he won 50 percent of his Grand Prix competitions. After that we went to Isle of Man to practice for the TT for fourteen days. 1974 P. Read Whilst placed at the head of the field the machine soon failed due to overheating. When we painted new company vans and pick-ups in corporate colours 24 hours not a problem but most cars had dings and dents that took a little longer to repair (hopefully they were able to compare car insurance). 1951 G. Duke We soon dropped the 24 hour slogan. There was an experimental animal farm on the left and it transpired that some half-wit had left the gate open. Hailwood claimed to have been told by a fortune teller in South Africa that he would not live to 40 and would be killed by a truck. He plans to play the lead role of Hailwood and co-direct the film alongside friend Robert Connolly. A guy by the name of Jerry Woods was a really good friend of Mikes. 1951 B. Ruffo Hailwood, best remembered for his incredible ability to quickly take any type of machine to its absolute limits, was tragically killed in a road traffic accident in 1981. 2005 V. Rossi While we commemorate his tragic death, we also remember what made Mike the Bike one of the greatest motorcycle riders of all time. Imported from Japan and produced on acid-free, heavyweight paper stock, this is a 11.75" x 16.5" print. He remains a contender maybe the prime contender for the unofficial accolade of Greatest rider of all time, with four 500cc titles (37 wins), two 350cc titles (16 wins) and three 250cc titles (21 wins), as well as 14 wins at the Isle of Man TT. His car collided with the rear of a truck. Find out how to get it through Domain Backorder. 1954 G. Duke He also noticed some police cars and a few police officers. [1] In 1958 he won ACU Stars at 125cc, 250cc, and 350cc classes, earning him the Pinhard Prize,[6] an accolade awarded yearly to a young motorcyclist under 21, who is adjudged to have made the most meritorious achievement in motorcycle sport during the preceding year. 2021 F. Quartararo 1992 L. Cadalora The son of a wealthy Oxford motorcycle dealer, Stan Hailwood, he began racing motorcycles competitively in 1957. 2012 J. Lorenzo He died in a road accident along with daughter Michelle, nine. As I wanted to get into motor racing rather than build a long term career at Porsche and having established a good working relationship with Moss I resigned at the end of May 1964 and moved to London. David survived with minor injuries. 1967 M. Hailwood He delighted in playing elaborate practical jokes. It was a sport Hailwood never felt at ease in, thinking the other drivers looked down on this scruffy bike rider Stewart said Hailwood felt more comfortable with the mechanics than the drivers but in Formula One came the moment that stripped away the "playboy" exterior to reveal the man beneath via an act of selfless, unthinking heroism. 1958 J. Surtees He crashed at low speed when waving to the spectators at Governor's Bridge, a tight hairpin bend close to the end of the 37-mile course. Mike Hailwood was another to crash, having a large accident on the second last lap at Pflanzgarten in his McLaren M23. [53], Hailwood was awarded 'Man of the Year' for 1978 after a public vote organised by Motorcycle News weekly newspaper. When he later returned to the pits, where Pauline was waiting, Hailwood did not tell her what he had just done. He is also remembered for his extraordinary success at the TT Races, scoring 14 wins . [10], During 1965, Hailwood entered selected UK events riding for the Tom Kirby Team. We drove to Woolwich in the Iso and en route we caught up with a bobby on a Velocette LE (noddy bike). Hailwood, who once interrupted his own race to pull a burning competitor out of his blazing Formula One race car and save his life, would himself die tragically at age 40 along with his daughter. Other stories about Mike are classified information! Hailwood was known as "Mike The Bike" because of his natural riding ability on bikes with a range of engine capacities. Those were damn fast motorcycles and pretty poor tires and not good suspension and the tracks were really rough and you were racing on eight, ten, and twelve mile tracks all the time and regular roads. In November 1963 I received an order from Stirling Moss for a Porsche 904 for his racing team, the Stirling Moss Automobile Racing Team (SMART) that he founded after his near fatal accident at Goodwood the year before. Mike Hailwood, Lotus 25-BRM, at the 1964 German GP. I have met many different riders over the past fifty years, but I have never met anyone like Hailwood. Two years later he was dead. Im sure that the owner who wanted the car as close to the original surely wouldnt have fitted wire wheels? Laughed his head off no doubt! In November 1968 we struck a deal in The Green Man Pub at the top of Putney Hill and the Mike Hailwood Autospray System was effectively born. Carruthers learned of his friends death in Europe while tuning for Kenny Roberts. RM E0WGMA - Sep. 10, 1962 - Mike Hailwood Beats All Opposition At Monza: Britain's Mike Hailwood yesterday clinched the world - by riding his M.V. 2005 D. Pedrosa 1989 E. Lawson, 1990 W. Rainey 2009 H. Aoyama, 2010 T. Elas March 23: Famed British motorcycle racer Mike "Mike the Bike" Hailwood was killed after a collision with a truck on this day in 1981. How the F1 2023 competitive order is shaping up after Bahrain testing, F1's competitive order after Bahrain I recognized this fascinating story by Mr Loubser, which is essentially his article we printed in our UK Club mag some years ago. Mike Hailwood, MBE 1940 42 - 1981 323 Stanley Michael Bailey Hailwood 2 . He was the star of the party and he stayed and talked with us, leaving his date alone at the bar for a long time, ignoring the managers.. I mean, God, the poor guy, theyd follow him into the bathroom and everything. . 1961 M. Hailwood A bad week or the dark horse from F1 testing? Hope you and Gill are well, as are Angela & I. 1994 M. Doohan If you don't know the story, Hailwood made a surprise return to two-wheel racing at the 1978 Isle of Man TT. He was sharing a house with Frank Perris a former Suzuki works rider. Hailwood became the first rider to capture three race wins at the TT with victories in the 125cc, 250cc, and 500cc classes. 1972 G. Agostini Ed, Bud and Piet maintained the car. 2003 V. Rossi [25], In 1970, Hailwood was again lured back into bike racing, this time by the BSA team riding a Rocket 3 at the Daytona 200 race in Florida, part of a strong BSA/Triumph team. You can change your choices at any time by clicking on the 'Privacy dashboard' links on our sites and apps. Only once did he outqualify Emmo, but he started ahead of Hulme eight times in 11 races, and had racked up four top-five finishes including a podium at Kyalami, when a penultimate-lap crash at Nurburgring broke his legs, one of them badly enough to give him a permanent limp. As I passed through Parys about seventy miles south of Johannesburg the heavens opened up. 1971 P. Read The previous record of 143mph (230km/h) was set by Bob McIntyre on a 350cc Gilera at Monza in 1957. He said there had been an accident and Mike had been seriously injured. The bobby kept his cool and pretended he didnt notice. The company sold respray and light body repair centres throughout the UK on a franchise basis. This is a short extract from the book Chasing Down a Legend. He had a large garage where he kept his Brabham BT8 sports racing car that he entered under the SMART banner. Nine time world champion Hailwood was 41 and was officially retired when he and his daughter were killed in a car accident in England on March 23, 1981. Mike had a flat at Heston in Middlesex and Jim said he once accompanied Mike on a trip to central London along the Great West Road as I recall. Then in the Race of Champions at Brands Hatch in March, he was the only driver to keep Emerson Fittipaldis dominant Lotus 72 in sight, and he finished a worthy second. But he was also very good in open-wheel racecars although that wasnt apparent from the word go, as it had been for fellow bike-to-car convert John Surtees who would go on to win the 1964 Formula 1 World Championship. He came to our house on the mine property a couple of times and even took me and my bro for some spins in his little GSM Dart. I ordered a bonnet, a roof panel, fenders, a windscreen and other parts from Iso and these we air freighted. The widow of world motorbike and racing car champion Mike Hailwood is launching a scheme to keep bikers safe. The errant truck driver was fined 100 pounds. When Surtees, another four-time 500cc bike champ, stepped into a Lotus 18 in 1960, it took until just his second Formula 1 Grand Prix to score his first podium, and just his third, at Oporto in Portugal, to take pole and fastest race lap. 1956 J. Surtees It was a wonderful enclave with Coys and the Queens Arms part of the furniture. Later in January 1969 I went to Durban to take photos of Mike for the Autospray brochure. Mike and Peter were lucky to have escaped with minor glass cuts across their foreheads. For 64, Parnell mated the Lotus 25 with a BRM V8 and Hailwood scored sixth at Monaco after qualifying 16th albeit a mere 0.3sec slower than the underrated Innes Ireland in a similar car. 1978 K. Roberts Pauline Hailwood and Warwickshire Police . [54] After the June 1978 TT races, he again rode in Australia with Scaysbrook in the Castrol Six Hour event, followed by the 1979 Adelaide Three Hour race.[42][43]. In February 2012 I met up with Jim Redman during the David Piper classic series at Killarney. Cocktail Comeback. I had in the meantime met Mike and as he had previously raced in South Africa and owned a house in Westville near Durban he was the ideal candidate. There he suffered a bad leg injury in the German GP, and retired from Auto racing. 1958 J. Surtees Nine time world champion Hailwood was 41 and was officially retired when he and his daughter were killed in a car accident in England on March 23, 1981. Hailwood was known as "Mike The Bike" because of his natural riding ability on motorcycles with a range of engine capacities.[3][4]. In 2002, two decades after Mike Hailwood's fatal car crash on March 23rd 1981, The Hailwood Estate commissioned Davida UK to be the first helmet manufacturer to produce their Official Hailwood Replica helmet. Davida were highly honoured to be the first manufacturer to recreate 'Mike The Bike's' immensely iconic 'For The Love Of Sport' Hailwood . He stayed on for the following Monday to test his Yamaha TZ750, TZ500 and TZ250 race machines together with his F1 TT Ducati which he had previously tested in the rain at Oulton Park. Despite a life lived dicing with death on the race circuit Mike Hailwood was sadly killed in a car accident near his home in 1981. 1976 W. Villa [18][30], In 1964, together with British commentator and journalist Murray Walker, he published the book, The Art of Motorcycle Racing. He crashed at low speed when waving to the spectators at Governor . Quite by accident, a work colleague showed me this article, which I really enjoyed reading. When the year 2000 rolled around, and some were asked to name the best riders of the 20th century, Hailwood topped many of the lists I noticed, even some put together by non-Brits. 28 August 2020 at 14:00. According to Walker, Mike Hailwood is the "greatest motorcycle rider who ever lived". He did indeed confirm that the Iso was part of the collection and now owned by Jaguar Heritage. He was the captain of the British team, and we were intermixed much of the time we were over there., Spencer recalls the quality Hailwood was renown for: He was very colorful. 1951 G. Duke At 38 years old and 11 years removed from the sport, many doubted his winning prospects. We went down memory lane about the wonderful 1960s and the Honda sixes and at one point I mentioned the Grifo. Only about two weeks ago i I established contact with Dave Davies whos in charge of the Dr Hull collection. . Mike Hailwood (on the right) and Iso Grifo. 2008 M. Simoncelli After his motorcycle racing career concluded, he went on to compete in Formula One and other classes of car racing, becoming one of the few men to compete at Grand Prix level in both motorcycle and car racing. Not since. In order to keep delivering our expert journalism, our website uses advertising. Parys is the Afrikaans name for Paris and the person who named this one horse town in the Orange Free State after the famous French city must have had a wild imagination or a perverse sense of humour! 1973 D. Braun 1959 J. Surtees, 1960 J. Surtees Regazzoni was knocked unconscious and his car caught fire. Unfortunately, a car crash claimed Hailwoods life on March 23, 1981, and forty years after his passing, we take a look at what made him a once-in-a-generation talent. I forgot to mention that I believe the car is now owned by Jaguar Cars Ltd. 1963 J. Redman So after crashing out of a couple of non-championship races in 65 and being blown away by teammate Dickie Attwood in his one championship outing that year, the Monaco GP, Hailwood was done with racecars for a while. 2022 A. Fernndez. He is regarded by many as one of the greatest racers of all time. His return to motorcycle racing after his time on four. 1964 P. Read So there was potential, clearly, but it wasnt consistent. Selected Originals - Sportsmen Honour Mike Hawthorn. Rino Carrachi, patriarch of the NCR Ducati squadra, was part of the team tuning for Mike Hailwood at the Isle of Man in 1978 and 1979. The key factors behind F1s Premier League-style managerial revolving door, The tangible steps Alpine has taken to meeting its humble F1 2023 targets, The tangible steps Alpine has taken to meeting its humble F1 2023 targets However, Honda pulled out of World Championship bike racing at the end of 67, and Hailwood had a lot more time on his hands as the Japanese marque had paid him a years salary to not race for anyone else in 68. Elizabeth wrote that she learned of Mike's death from the pastor at a spiritualist church. He led the race but again broke down. On the outskirts to the south of the town the rain was so heavy with visibility down to virtually zero that I stopped under some large blue gum trees. Hailwood's reads simply: "Too good in life to be forgotten in death.". In April 1971 the 120 km/h limit was introduced. . Best Wishes Before Kel was tuner to the stars, he was a fellow Grand Prix competitor and friend to Mike the Bike. The yellow car which he crashed in South Africa was #162/D, a 67 350hp 5 speed. A minute or two apart on the road, they were rarely a few seconds apart on time each lap, Hailwood losing by two seconds. If you placed in the top 3 on Goodyears there was some extra money posted, but none with Dunlop. A nine-time world champion, Hailwood won 76 Grand Prix races during his motorcycle racing career, including 14 Isle of Man TT victories and four consecutive 500cc world championships. "He was a little bit wild," said his wife, Pauline. A commemorative motorbike run and service took place in Warwickshire on Sunday to mark the 25th anniversary of Mr Hailwood's death. 1962 M. Hailwood 2012 M. Mrquez [7] He teamed with Dan Shorey to win the Thruxton 500 endurance race and finished in four classes of TT race with one podium. [27][28] Hailwood's son David completed a demonstration lap of the Isle of Man TT course on 3 June 2002, riding his father's Daytona 1971 BSA Rocket 3 carrying large letters 'H' instead of a race number. 2016 J. Zarco 1982 J. Tournadre Hailwood revelled in the "here today, gone tomorrow" attitude that pervaded motorsport in the 1950s and 1960s. 1973 P. Read His fortunes werent as abundant in the race series, however, with only 2 podiums and 1 fastest lap over a 50-race career. At the end of his run with the Italian marque, Hailwood became the first racer to seize four consecutive 500cc titles in a row. From 1966 to 1973 South Africa staged the Springbok Series for sports and saloon cars, with the Kyalami Nine Hour being the main event. "That's typical of Mike Hailwood.". He competed in the Grand Prix motorcycle world championships from 1958 to 1967 and in Formula One between 1963 and 1974. Hailwood's driving suit caught fire, but after being extinguished by a fire marshal he returned to help rescue Regazzoni, an act for which he was awarded the George Medal, the second-highest gallantry award that a British civilian can be awarded. Consequently it became respray and body repair specialists. From Formula 1 to MotoGP we report straight from the paddock because we love our sport, just like you. 'The Hailwood' is now available The research took many thousands of man-hours over several years. LONDON -- Mike Hailwood, the former world motorcycling champion, was critically ill in a hospital in Birmingham Sunday after an auto accident in the English Midlands. Motocourse history of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy races: 1907-1989, p.156, Fdration Internationale de Motocyclisme, "AMA Motorcycle Museum Hall of Fame | Mike Hailwood", "Hailwood, (Stanley) Michael Bailey (19401981), racing motorcyclist", "Mike Hailwood Isle of Man TT Race Results - iomtt.com: The World's #1 TT Website", "Dick Mann's 1970 Daytona 200 Victory | Mann & Machine", "The Collection | National Motorcycle Museum", "24 Hours of Le Mans Posters and Memorabilia Shop & Results Database", "Latest Formula 1 Breaking News - Grandprix.com", Motorcycle Classics Mike Hailwood's TT-winning Ducati, How an illustrious list of Ulster stars showed true class to leave a lasting impression on the world-famous TT, "Road Test: Mike Hailwood's Ducati 900TT1 racer", "TT 1978 Meetings - iomtt.com: The World's #1 TT Website", "700 bikers to honour memory of Solihull racer", https://www.royalautomobileclub.co.uk/archive/archive_navmain5, The Joan Seeley Pain Relief Memorial Trust About Us, "Mike Hailwood at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame", "Memorable MC: Mike Hailwood Ducati Replica", Take a record-breaking IOM TT ride with Peter Hickman, Re-think on use of centre built in honour of Hailwood, Mike Hailwood Foundation attracts 25 newcomers, Team Founds receives Mike Hailwood Foundation scholarship award, Heroes' Heroes: Murray Walker, former motor racing commentator, on Mike Hailwood, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Hailwood&oldid=1139599910, European Formula Two Championship drivers, International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees, Members of the Order of the British Empire, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 23:21. Surtees, encouraged by Hailwoods improving handle on open-wheel racers, decided to step down from full-time competition and combined Hailwood with Tim Schenken and Andrea de Adamich for 72. Hailwood, by contrast, had a more bewildering time trying to make the conversion to F1, his hopes artificially boosted by winning two out of three Formula Junior races, and his equipment at the top level of the sport certainly not on the cutting edge as Surtees had been. Mike very coolly said, I think Id rather win the race on Dunlops than get 2nd or 3rd place contingency with Goodyears.. A major player in an international . Would be great to catch up. Not pit stops and red flags and eviscerated left legs of riders I know, but something that left me with a feeling that Id gone to the market and forgotten something on a list. Michael Hailwood poses while using a cash counting machine. The 40-year-old was on his way to get some fish and chips with his son David and daughter. 1969 G. Agostini, 1970 G. Agostini His abilities on his bike can be measured in titles, 12 times a winner in the Isle of Man "the scariest race in the world" and nine times the Grand Prix Motor Cycling champion, as well as the less quantifiable but no less obvious esteem in which he was held by the sport. He drove in Formula One, competing in 50 Grands Prix. Sportsman. 2023 Moto Guzzi Experience Dates Announced For Three U.S. Excursions, HJC Unveils The RPHA 1 Fabio Quartararo Replica Helmet, Costa Rica Unlimited Dirt Bike Tours Announces Summer 2023 Dates, Watch This Guy Build A Honda Super Cub-Powered Three-Wheeler, Spec Showdown: Harley-Davidson Low Rider S Vs. Indian Sport Chief, Watch Robbie Maddison Ride On Water Again In San Diego, Sikh Motorcycle Club Rides Against Hate, And We Need More Of This, 2023 North America Talent Cup Season Has Reportedly Been Canceled, The Ultraviolette F77 Finally Makes Its Way To Eager Customers, Chinese Automaker Wuling Launches The Serpol No. Hailwood would unfortunately die on March 23rd 1981 in a road crash which also killed his 9 year old daughter Michelle. The lorry driver was to be fined 100. By: Andrew van Leeuwen. 1974 G. Agostini The Iso had the strongest and thickest body of any car I have ever known. He had a tent at the racetrack and he slept there a lot of the time. Mike no doubt went flying over the rise but unfortunately there were three cows in the road. Of course, Hailwood surprised everyone with an emphatic victory aboard a Ducati 900 SS. (Michele was killed instantly, while Mike the Bike hung on for two days.) He was a supremely neat and precise bike racer, and therefore sliding a racecar was quite anathema to him. "Motorsport had lost a friend and one of the greatest people who has ever lived in it," said Walker, talking in a new film about Hailwood's life, An Ordinary Hero, that will re-introduce him to the sporting world. Mike, Michelle and son David were in a Rover SD1 and were going to get fish and chips on the 21st. Then we went to Oulton Park for two more days to try more suspension. I did, though, make the switch later and won the 1972 Daytona 200. A dilemma for any aficionado of fast machinery.. 1953 W. Haas So, it is not entirely true to say that the current fitment of Borranis is incorrect. It has been a labour of love for Brook Henry of Vee Two Australia, but the result is about as perfect a replica of Mike's Bike as you can create. Mike Hailwood's TT comeback in 1978 is the stuff of legend. 1955 G. Duke 1985 F. Spencer During and following his illustrious Grand Prix days, the accomplished racer also drove Formula 1 cars (1963-1965, 1971-1974). Tragic irony, then, as the Rover sedan Mike Hailwood was driving to get a Saturday night fish-and-chips supper with daughter Michelle, 9, and son David, 6, somehow rammed into the rear of a. 1997 M. Biaggi 1950 D. Ambrosini As this was production-based racing open to all entrants, 'official' works teams were ineligible; instead, machines were prepared and entered through well-established factory dealers.
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